VED therapy, based on its reported ability to improve EF, has attracted considerable attention and is now the second leading treatment modality in penile rehabilitation. eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase α-SMA: alpha smooth muscle action HIF-1α: hypoxia-inducible factor 1α TGF-β: transforming growth factor beta VED: vacuum erection device BCNC: bilateral cavernous nerve crush.ĮD, a common complication associated with RP, severely affects the quality of life of patients with PCa. (b) All VED therapy groups have significantly decreased apoptosis compared to the BCNC group the red arrow indicated the expression of apoptosis (Student's t- test was used for each comparison, * P 200 mmHg) displayed an upward tendency, and (e) eNOS, (f) α-SMA, (g) HIF1-α, and (h) TGF-β in turn (Student's t- test was used for each comparison, * P < 0.05, n = 6 per group scale bars = 50 μm). (a) The TUNEL assay was used to show these changes. ( a) Representative ICP traces for sham and BCNC, −200 mmHg, −300 mmHg, −400 mmHg, and −500 mmHg VED therapy ( b) significant differences were found in the ratios of maximum ICP/MAP between the sham and BCNC groups, as those between all VED treatment groups and the BCNC group (Student's t- test was used for each comparison, * P 200 mmHg) displayed an upward trend.įigure 4: The improvements in apoptosis with VED therapy under different negative pressures. Compared to the BCNC group, ICP/MAP ratios in all VED treatment groups were improved significantly (all P 0.05), which indicated significantly improved erectile response compared to the BCNC group (all P 0.05).įigure 1: Erectile function assessment by ICP tracing under CNS. Masson's trichrome (MT) staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, immunohistochemistry, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were performed to explore cellular and molecular changes of the penis. Intracavernosal pressure (ICP)/mean arterial pressure (MAP) ratio was calculated to assess erectile function. BCNC group and VED therapy groups underwent BCNC surgery. Thirty-six 9-week-old male rats were randomly divided into six groups: control groups (sham group, bilateral cavernous nerve crush group) and VED therapy groups (−200 mmHg group, −300 mmHg group, −400 mmHg group, −500 mmHg group). This investigation explored the optimal pressure for VED therapy in penile rehabilitation. However, the optimal negative pressure remains to be determined. Vacuum erection device (VED), used to treat radical prostatectomy (RP)-associated erectile dysfunction, has attracted considerable attention.
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